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Philosophy of Ernest Nagel from a First Person Essay

Monday, December 30, 2019

Business Maths Statistics Assignment 1 - 1214 Words

BMS11 Business Maths and Statistics ASSIGNMENT 1 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS USING EXCEL PART B. QA). The pie charts show that a higher percentage of the male gender has tried the product in comparison to the female gender. Over 50% of both genders have tried the product. However, the fact that the percentage of males who tried the product is higher, suggests that gender does play a role in whether the people will try the product. Yet the role genders play is small, because the difference between the percentage of females who tried the product and males who tried the product is small at only 7%. However, since the graphs do not compare the genders within the total sample surveyed and are only a percentage of each specific gender, more†¦show more content†¦The type of data itself is nominal not numerical. The income of both males and females is not as accurate as we would like, because it has been collected within large income ranges, for example $0 to $25,000. Therefore to use the data, midpoints must be found, doing this has caused the data to become very general and does not show specifics on income levels per person. The incomes are shown on the graph as midpoints which have a large range within them. This further shows that the information is too general for many business applications and decision making. The graph has narrowed down the five income midpoints of interest to three. These three income midpoints were $12,500 $37,500 $62,500. However exactly what income levels within these ranges have not been determined. This means that the information is vague. The information would be more useful if specific income levels and ‘have tried’ frequencies per income were investigated. The graph would be more useful if it showed actual income levels and numbers of people within that income level who had tried the product. It only tells us the midpoint which has a large range and therefore, the information is quite general. This information would be fine if we wanted to target general income groups but it would be insufficient if we wanted to determine specific income levels who have tried the product, as we do not know what that income levelShow MoreRelatedBusiness Maths Statistics Assignment 11208 Words   |  5 PagesBMS11 Business Maths and Statistics ASSIGNMENT 1 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS USING EXCEL PART B. QA). The pie charts show that a higher percentage of the male gender has tried the product in comparison to the female gender. Over 50% of both genders have tried the product. However, the fact that the percentage of males who tried the product is higher, suggests that gender does play a role in whether the people will try the product. Yet the role genders play is small, because the differenceRead MoreThe Key Importance Of Education By Integrating Each Students Chosen Career Field As A Base Value970 Words   |  4 PagesThe students in Math 123 at Ivy Tech Community College were assigned the third and final Math project in November of 2015. This project included an Excel file assignment, this time focusing on finance and mortgages. The purpose of this project was to demonstrate the monetary importance of education by incorporating each students’ chosen career field as a base value, as well as to point out the advantages of investing in an IRA or 401K plan for retirement. The s tudents were expected to make use â€Å"paymentRead MoreAccounts Receivable and Joan Miller Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesSub: Finance Topic: Journal Entries Question: Posting Journal entries into a worksheet ClassOf1 provides expert guidance to College, Graduate, and High school students on homework and assignment problems in Math, Sciences, Finance, Marketing, Statistics, Economics, Engineering, and many other subjects. The following are the balances in the accounts for Joan Miller Advertising Agency as of January 31, 2001: Cash Accounts Receivable Fees Receivable Art Supplies Office Supplies Read MoreBusiness Marketing Management : Business Management1077 Words   |  5 PagesAmanda Gross Ms. Jessica Madinger Comp 101 C 9 November 2015 Business Marketing Management Outline Business has several majors to seek, such as: Accounting, Economics, Administration, Marketing, International business, Entrepreneurship, and lastly Management. A business degree has many of opportunities. This paper is going to specifically focus on Management which you can get a minor in marketing, which would be called marketing management. Management has several classes to can take, and severalRead MoreInstructional Design Essay1222 Words   |  5 Pagescontent in Instructional Design State standards are very important tools to ensure consistency and accountability in overall student learning. As a teacher it is important that I am knowledgeable of the standards that affect my students. This assignment has helped me to probe deep in to my state’s standards. A thorough investigation has given me a sense of direction and focus. It has allowed me to see the areas of strengths and areas of weaknesses my students portray in state tests. All this informationRead Morestarting with the basics1043 Words   |  5 Pagessubmit to the facilitator for grading. This assignment will help you become familiar with the resources available on the University of Phoenix student website. You will also be reviewing the parts of the writing process, rules of writing, APA guidelines, plagiarism, and critical thinking. Each question is worth 1 point. To answer questions 1–18, log on to your student website, and explore the resources available. Academic Help .1 What are the six Other Math Content  resources available for study  inRead MoreWhat Are The Grants For Statistics3115 Words   |  13 Pages1. What are the grants for statistics calculations in 2015 Statistical research is wide and you can find a high-level overview of interests. You want to make sense of data around you and know how and when to use all this techniques and formulas of statistics. You have to remember that statistical research is worth doing for reaching personal goals and receiving grants. You can receive an opportunity for statistical research scholarship or thanks to statistical scholarships job offer you were waitingRead MoreWhat Are The Grants For Statistics2149 Words   |  9 Pages1. What are the grants for statistics calculations in 2015 Statistical research is wide and you can find a high-level overview of interests. You want to make sense of data around you and know how and when to use all this techniques and formulas of statistics. You have to remember that statistical research is worth doing for reaching personal goals and receiving grants. You can receive an opportunity for statistical research scholarship or thanks to statistical scholarships job offer you were waitingRead MoreSample Statistic Assignment2945 Words   |  12 Pages1 LANGLEY HIGH SCHOOL 2013 AP STATISTICS SUMMER ASSIGNMENT Welcome to AP Statistics! You have selected a course unlike any other math course. The purpose of this Summer Assignment is to: 1. Give you information on what to expect, and how this course is different from other math courses. 2. Refresh your knowledge on statistics topics that you should know prior to this course. 3. Give you a chance to demonstrate your ability to analyze data and write conclusions. The Assignment is dividedRead MoreTechnology And Society : Impact Of Technology On Society1511 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Technology has impacted people, businesses and society as a whole. The roles that technology has played on communication, business and education have been more than impactful. As the power of computers continue to increase with help from databases, social networking and businesses, it adds an increase to office productivity compared to using typewriters, and filing cabinets. Although there are plenty of good things about technology, the way we use it determines if it impacts are positive

Sunday, December 22, 2019

An Ironic, Witty Short Story by Guy de Maupassant, The...

Guy de Maupassant is considered to be one of the fathers of short stories, he is a French author who lived in the 19th century. Born in 1850 at the Chateau de Miromesnil in France, to a lone literary mother who passed on her passion for books to Guy. The author’s writing style is characterized by economy of style, brilliant irony and elegant denouement. Maupassant wrote over 300 short stories, six novels, three travel books, and a volume of verse. Maupassant incorporated genres such as realism and naturalism within his works and his first published story; â€Å"Boule de Suif† (ball of fat) is considered by many as being his masterpiece. â€Å"The Necklace† is an ironic, amusing and witty short story which deals with themes such as the†¦show more content†¦Mathilde is not portrayed as being characteristic of the â€Å"Petite Bourgeoisie† due to being contrasted with her cherishing husband who falls within the same social class. Madame Loisel is more of a satirical representation of the â€Å"Petite Bourgeoisie†, I think Maupassant mocks her as a stereotypical diva rather than uses her to depict the social class. Exquisite but worthless, the necklace illustrates the puissance of perception and the breach between appearance and actuality. In the story, Madame Loisel borrows the necklace from her intimate idol Madame Forestier, with intention as to insinuate wealth. Madame Forestier hides the fact that the necklace is a fake she too wants to impress her peer and paint the illusion of being more affluent than she truly is. Due to Mathilde being profoundly jealous of Madame Forestier, she never suspects the necklace’s legitimacy and blindly assumes the necklace is made of diamonds. Madame Loisel willingly plunders into this world of hypocrisy, as she whole heartily believes in her borrowed opulence; she projects an appearance of abundance to others. Because she believes in her wealth, she becomes wealthy in the eyes of others. The fact that the necklace is the focal point of the beguilement that triggers of Mathilde’s social collapse implies nothing but trouble can result from obs curing the truth of one’s situation. The bitter irony of the fact that Monsieur and Madame Loisel spent years

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Rushil Surapaneni Free Essays

Computers eave led to space exploration, new designs of vehicles and other forms of transportation, increase in entertainment industry, and revolutionized medical and biological sciences to address healthcare issues. The Television ; Became commercially available in an experimental basis in the late sass, popularized greatly after World War II and has become commonplace in homes, businesses, and institutions. ; Serves in many instances as the primary vehicle for entertainment, advertising, and news. We will write a custom essay sample on Rushil Surapaneni or any similar topic only for you Order Now ; During the sass, television became the primary medium for molding public opinion and continues to do so today. The Telephone First patented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell and further developed by many others; the telephone was the first device in history that enabled people to talk directly with each other across large distances. ; Became indispensable to businesses, government, and households, today some the of most ; and Has are fostered whole-wheat indwell used small appliances. Inventions as both the cellular phone and the internet are a result Of the telephone system. ; Telephone has changed our mindset to a more complex way of thinking and continues to impact us as we move into the 21st century. The Logic Behind the Selections Overall, it came down to what saw was most practical and necessary for society and the modern world to exist the way it does today. Believe that the inventions chose revolutionized the socioeconomic standing of society to the point that allowed for radical changes in thought and ideology to take place due to these inventions. See the inventions of this world allowing for society to not only grow in the present but also further advance into the future as they can be tinkered with to better optimize the potential of humankind in the long-run, whether it be technologically, socially, or economically. How to cite Rushil Surapaneni, Papers

Friday, December 6, 2019

Commercial And Corporation Law Law of Equity

Question: Discuss about theCommercial And Corporation Law for Law of Equity. Answer: Introduction: Before the Law of Equity was introduced, English law was mainly governed by the common law, which refers to regulations of civil conduct formed in United Kingdom. However, many a times, the common law failed in providing appropriate remedy. Thus, the law of equity was developed aiming to provide remedy in good conscious[1]. In the legal world, the term equity means a set of rules, regulations and procedures which provide appropriate remedies. The equitable procedures and doctrine are different from the legal ones and are only used or applied when legal remedy becomes insufficient, inadequate or inappropriate in any manner. Thus, the law of equity suggests that a defendant should be prevented from acting unconscionably in cases where the common law would allow the said unconscionable conduct. However, the law of equity since the time its established in England till today when its globally recognized has faced conflicts with common law of every nation. However, law of equity plays impo rtant role in contract laws and equity in contracts is witnessed in restitution, mistake, estoppel and unjust enrichment[2]. In a famous contract law case law namely the Waltons Stores Interstate Ltd v Maher (1998) 164 CLR 387 the law of equity was applied in a contract case law to provide a more appropriate remedy[3]. In the said case, Walton Stores negotiated to lease a commercial property from Mahers. The condition on the said lease was that the Maher demolish the existing building and construct a new one according to the specifications of the Walton Stores. After Mahers solicitors prepared a lease agreement with the modification, the copy was sent to the solicitors of Walton Stores who stated that they would reply the next day if they disagree with any modification. However, no communication was made after this event. Maher signer the contract and handed it to Walton Stores who delayed signing the contract even after Maher had started demolishing the existing building. Moreover, when the construction of the new building was ready by 40%, Walton Stores refused to sign the lease contract. Thus, in the said case, a doctrine of equity law naming promissory estoppels was applied to reach to appropriate relief. Thus, the issue in the said case was whether Walton Stores were estopped from denying their early representation relating the lease contract. Thus, the finding in the said case stated that even when the lease contract was not signed which under contract law would mean lack of consent and consideration, the Walton Stores silence and conduct had consciously made Mahers to assume that the contract is final and signing of the lease agreement is a mere formality and relying on the same, Maher demolished his existing building and started constructing the new one, which would incur extreme loss to Maher in case of Walton Stores denial to the lease agreement. Therefore, the doctrine of promissory estoppels was used in the said case to prohibit Walton Stores from denying his contractual obligation and saving Mahers from the losses which could be incurred upon cancelation of the lease agreement. Thus, under the law of equity Walton Stores was estopped from reconsidering his promise to complete the lease agreement, especially when he was aware Mahers was incurring expenses which would lead to losses by acting on false presumptions. T hus, it was inappropriate for Walton Stores to engage in a conduct which encouraged Mahers to demolish the building and construct new one if they had no intention to complete the contract[4]. Thus, it is clear in the said case that law of contract would allow Walton Stores to escape from liability under the said contract and would allow the unconscionable conduct, however, the doctrine of promissory estoppels under the law of equity prohibits the said conduct of Walton Stores providing an appropriate remedy when applied to the said case instead of law of contract[5]. Thus, the judgment in the said case was a landmark judgment which established a new concept that departure from contractual elements like consideration and consent can still establish a valid and a binding contract using the doctrine of promissory estoppels under law of equity[6]. In Collier v P MJ Wright (Holdings) Ltd [2007] EWCA Civ 1329, Mr. Collier was one of the three partners in a property developer firm. The said firm assented to paying 46,000to Wright Ltd in monthly installment of 600. The partners in the firm were jointly liable for the said payment. However, after a certain lapse of period, the said installments declined to 200 per month. In 2000, a meeting was held where Wright Ltd stated that the partners of the said firm would be severally liable for payment of 15,600. However, the other two partners got bankrupt in the year 2004 and 22006. After Collier made his full payment, Wright Ltd issued a notice on him asking him for the balance amount of debt. In the said case, the Judge used the doctrine of promissory estoppels to arrive at justice and stated that the said doctrine can help and aid Mr. Collier. In the said case, Mr. Collier was assured that he only requires paying his due as a partner and relying on the same Mr. Collier made his paymen t, thus, stating that the said payment was still pending was inequitable on part of Wright Ltd[7]. In another Australian case, the laws of equity were used to derive at justice. The said case is Commercial Bank v Amadio (1983) 151 CLR 447 and the facts of the case are Amadios guaranteed their sons indebtedness. The said transaction took place with the Commercial Bank of Australia. The said transaction included an agreement which provided the bank to mortaggae the property owned by the Amadios. In case of their sons business failing, the said guarantee would be enforced[8]. It is important to note that in the said case, the Amadios were Italian nationals living in Australia with very poor understanding of English. Additionally, the manager of the bank who contracted with the Amadios was aware of the finanacial status of their son of Amadios. Thus, the Amadios asserted that they were at special disadvantage and the transaction was unconscionable under the law of equity. Thus, the issue in the said case was to state whether Amadios would be granted relief under the law of equity. Thus, in the said case it was observed that Amadios were not capable of having any independent opinion on the guarantee matter and it was the duty of the bank to advice them and to state that their liability under the guarantee is unlimited. Moreover, they were aware of the financial position of Amadios son. Thus, law of equity states that remedy under unconscionable conduct is granted when advantage is taken of a party which is innocent who is unable to make independent and prudent decisions and when the said decision by him are made non-voluntary in nature[9]. In this case, the judge is allowed to use his discretion and adopt law of equity to remedy the innocent party and the court can set aside a contract or prohibit ordering its specific performance. Thus, in the said case, relief was granted to the Amadios using the law of equity. In Harris v. Blockbuster Inc 622 F.Supp.2d 396 N.D. Tex. Apr. 15, 2009, in the said case a contract was formed between two parties. However, the defendant stated a contract term or a clause which permitted one party to make amendments in the said contract without ant notification. Thus, the defendant has stated a clause which compelled arbitration and prohibited class action suit. The said addition of clause was considered to be an illusion and unconscionable by the judges deciding the said case. Thus, the whole contract was considered void by the court applying the law of equity where unconscionable conduct in any transaction or negotiation is not allowed to be suffered by the innocent party[10]. Therefore, it is not uncommon for the Courts to apply Law of Equity whenever the common law fails to provide appropriate remedy. However application of law of equity depends totally on the discretion of the Court and raises the question of uncertainty in common laws. As judges opt for law of equity to provide remedy, it creates a doubt in the mind whether there is uncertainty in the common law or civil law which governs most of the conducts of a human being[11]. It is often argued that judge-made laws are more practically applicable compared to common law or civil laws. However, the struggle between certainty of common law and applicability of law of equity has always prevailed and will continue to exist and the only solution to the said conflict is the discretion of the Courts and Judges who are to be trusted in the said matter. The discretion given to the Court in the said matter should be used with upmost care and with the ultimate aim and objective to arrive at the best possible remedy where no party suffers loss due to uncertainty in statutes[12]. Bibliography Alias, Siti Aliza, Abdul Ghadas, and Zuhairah Ariff. "Inequality of bargaining power and the doctrine of unconscionability: Towards substantive fairness in commercial contracts."Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences6.11 (2012): 331-341. Anson, William Reynell, et al.Anson's law of contract. Oxford University Press, 2010. Butler, Desmond A., et al.Contract Law Case Book. Oxford University Press, 2013. Campbell, Joseph Charles. "Waltons v. Maher: History, Unconscientiousness and Remedy-The'Minimum Equity'."Journal of Equity7.3 (2013): 171-208. Dorney, Mark, and Peter Grimshaw. "Waltons Stores (Interstate) Ltd v Maher."University of New South Wales Law Journal, The11.2 (1989): 231. Franck, Thomas M. "Fairness in international law and institutions." (2011). Furmston, Michael Philip, Geoffrey Chevalier Cheshire, and Cecil Herbert Stuart Fifoot.Cheshire, Fifoot and Furmston's law of contract. Oxford University Press, 2012. Graw, Stephen. "An introduction to the law of contract." (2012). Harris, Daniel.Equitable estoppel in the 21st Century: Revisiting the lessons of Waltons Stores V Maher. Diss. Murdoch University, 2014. Hart, Herbert Lionel Adolphus, et al.The concept of law. Oxford University Press, 2012. McKendrick, Ewan.Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK), 2014. Rodrigo, Thanuja. "Unconscionable demands under on-demand guarantees: A case of wrongful exploitation."Adel. L. Rev.33 (2012): 481.

Friday, November 29, 2019

George And Cecil Calvert Essays (159 words) - St. Marys City

George And Cecil Calvert George Calvert was a very devout Roman Catholic. He was named Lord of Baltimore. After given this name, he then wnet on to fight religious persecution for Roman Catholics. During this time, he tried to found many religious refuges for Catholics. He had many land charters, but all of them were turned down by the monarchy. George Calvert ended up dying before he could even found this religious refuge. But, his son Cecil was able to help his father. Cecil and his brothers went on an expedition in New England and finally founded a religious refuge. This refuge was named for Queen Mary (Maryland). Although the Catholics had their refuge, they were still being plagued by the Indians. This was thought to be William Claybourne's doing. This little was between the Calverts and Claybourne ended up to the Calvert's advantage. The Calvert's made a treaty and in it they defined all of their land claims. Religion

Monday, November 25, 2019

opinion of justice manson essays

opinion of justice manson essays Fellow Justices, a case has come to my attention that raises many interesting questions to the effectiveness of our legal system. A few months ago five explorers became trapped in a cave when it caved in. When they emerged a month later with the help of rescue teams, only four still lived. The four had killed their fifth companion and ate him to survive. This would be a clear-cut case of homicide if the five men had not agreed to randomly kill one of their own so that the others could live. Our fellow Justice in charge of the case sentenced the four to death, as is our law for homicide. However, after the jury made an appeal the sentence was reduced to a six-month incarceration. In my opinion any punishment is unnecessary in this case. The five defendants were trapped miles from civilization and miles from the world where our predecessors penned our laws. The only laws that applied to the five explorers are those of their surroundings. The only laws that were relevant to the trapped explorers were the laws of nature. The explorers broke no law of nature, they simply did what every creature is born to do, and they survived at any cost. They knew that they could not survive with out the sacrifice of one of their own and they took his life so they could live. It is fundamentally wrong to be persecuted for ensuring that your life continues. These men perpetrated nothing more than self-defense. The five explorers agreed that the victim should be chosen at random so that the burden of choosing who would die would not fall on anyone. All five explorers agreed that the one chosen at random would be put to death so that the others could live. Under dire circumstances the five men created a dire pact to ensure their survival. We have no right to judge a decision made under circumstances we could never understand. The men what was right at the time and that is all that is needed for a full acquittal. ...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Plate Tectonics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Plate Tectonics - Essay Example Helens, and the 2011 Fukushima earthquake in Japan. Prior to the description of the tectonic plate theory, scientists lacked any rational explanations for the formation of most of the features evident on the earths surface. Alfred Wegener figured out that the earth was a single mass of land in the past. In his book titled ‘origin of the continents and the oceans’, he highlighted that the earth consisted of land slabs that he named plates. These plates were of lithospheric origin, one of the layers of the earth. Since the earth had the capacity to rotate and had salient equatorial forces, the plates could exhibit motion in three different ways. The different motions included divergence, convergence, and transformation (Oberrecht, 2007). In a bid to support his theory, he highlighted potential evidence that could augment his thinking. Using the example of the evident fit between the South American and African continents, he highlighted that it was obvious that the movement of the plates had separated the two from each other. Moreover, geological evidence that includes the presence of similar rocks in different continents was an additional support to his theory. Fossil records also insinuated that the theory was true because of the observed climate. The Himalayas mountain belt forms the highest mountain array in the globe, registering an estimated 5000 meters in height. Mountain Everesthas been quoted as the most outstanding peak of the mountain belt, and owns a reputation as the highest peak in the globe. The formation of this mountain belt is attributable to the movement of plates according to the tectonic plate movement theory defined By Wegener (Oberrecht, 2007). The pacific ring of fire serves as evidence to the rigorous plate movement. This belt resulted from the convergence of plates in areas in close proximity to plate boundaries. During convergence, plates register a level of

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Understanding Human Behaviour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Understanding Human Behaviour - Assignment Example y ponders over the areas on which the service users need to work on in order to avoid misdiagnoses and also focuses on the ways that should be adopted by psychiatrists in order to understand the disability and mental health of the individuals. Also it discusses the problems that are faced by the health departments in the introduction of certain programmes because of the criticism of the service users. In this research essay I would focus on the notion that the massive power of the psychiatrists in the process of the diagnosis is something that has implications on the patients and this is something that should be given more importance. For the purpose of my research I have used many literature reviews. Psychiatric diagnosis refers to the process whereby the psychiatrist (or psychologist) is responsible for the identification and the labelling of a particular disease. One of the main purposes of this diagnosis is to help people and guide them through the entire treatment procedure. Lately, it has been felt that the diagnosis has had many different implications on the individuals concerned. According to Reich (1981) psychiatric diagnosis is a very important process because it can have varied effects on the patients. While some may be happy with the results of the diagnosis, others might not feel the same way. One implication of the procedure of the diagnosis is that the people who are diagnosed may have to suffer from unintended implications. For instance, the perceptions of the others might change towards the patient if he/she is labelled with a mental disorder. People may not want to interact with such patients. Reich (1981) argues that the main reason for this behaviour is the re sult of the institutionalized attitudes of the people and the society as a whole towards people who suffer from mental disorders and learning disabilities. The above mentioned effects may occur due to the attitudes of the people and the society to the mental people. There are, however,

Monday, November 18, 2019

Pick a controversial topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pick a controversial topic - Essay Example However many of these criminals are violent and have committed depraved murders without regard to their victims and their families. In these instances the death penalty may be an appropriate punishment. According to the Amnesty International website â€Å"The death penalty is the ultimate denial of human rights. It is the premeditated and cold-blooded killing of a human being by the state.† (â€Å"Abolish the Death Penalty†) The site claims that in 2011 there was an international movement toward abolishing the death penalty completely. It also has indicated aside from the United States only 20 regularly imposed the death penalty in murder cases. There are several articles found on the site which describe their efforts to ban the death penalty. For example in the article â€Å"Iran must halt executions amid fears of new wave of death penalties† it stated that Amnesty International asked Iranian authorities to put a stop to upcoming executions because many other Iranian prisoners may be at risk for execution pertaining to drug crimes without a fair trial. Amnesty International is calling for a stop to these executions until allegations of torture and other illega l practices perpetrated by Iranian authorities can be investigated. In a 2007 Washington Post article author Martin O’Malley discusses his reasons for believing that the death penalty should be abolished in his home state of Maryland. He indicates that it is not the most effective punishment for murder and does not necessarily discourage other people from committing murders. He cites the example of a case of a Maryland man who randomly shot and killed three teens. This person expressed no remorse and stated that he would do it again if he could. (O’Malley) He was eventually executed. However O’ Malley questioned whether or not the execution was appropriate retribution for the murders since the killer welcomed execution. O’ Malley also cites an example of another man who was

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Effect of Different Lights and Miracle Grow on Plants

Effect of Different Lights and Miracle Grow on Plants Research Question: To what extent does different lights and miracle grow have on the effect of the roots of forsythia?   Ã‚   Background Information: Forsythia are deciduous shrubs that are mostly native to eastern Asia. The Forsythiaplant got its name from William Forsyth, a Scottish botanist. Leaves on Forsythiaare opposite of one another and are quite simple looking. The plant is known for being a tough and reliable garden plant. Low hanging boughs often take root. It is suggested that cuttings be taken from November to February(University). Parenchyma cells, also called ground or fundamental tissue, are mostly unspecialized cells, with thin and flexible primary walls. Most all parenchyma cells lack a second wall. These unspecialized cells carry out most of a plants metabolic functions. Photosynthesis occurs within the parenchyma cells of plant leaves. Parenchyma cells make up the mesophyll and cortex of plant leaves and the pith of stems and roots of plants. The mesophyll of a leaf is the internal layers, while the cortex is the outside layers of a leaf. The pith of stems or roots is the most internal layer. Many plant cells that are developing, are originally parenchyma cells. They then started to develop into their specialized structure or function. Collenchyma cells have unevenly thickened primary walls. However, there can be some secondary thickening. They provide support to the parts of the plant that are still growing and developing, particularly the young and not yet mature parts of a plant shoot and their leaves. The cell walls of collenchyma cells are composed of cellulose and pectin. Botanists tend to group collenchyma cells into four groups: angular, annular, tangential, and lacunar. Angular collenchyma cells are the most common type and their cell corners are thickened more heavily. Annular collenchyma cells have evenly thickened cell walls throughout. Tangential collenchyma cells have thicker cell walls only when they are parallel to the surface of the structure where they are present. Lacunar collenchyma cells contain thickening around the cell walls facing the inter spaces. Collenchyma cells are flexible and have the ability to elongate, in order to support the leaves and stems(Arrington). Sclerenchyma cells are specialized cells for support. These cells have secondary walls hardened with lignin. Lignin is a complex organic compound that makes plants rigid and woody. When sclerenchyma cells are fully mature, they are dead. There are two types of sclerenchyma cells: fibers and sclereids. Fibers are elongated sclerenchyma cells and they usually occur in groups. They are found in most all aspects of the plant body, including the stem, roots, and vascular bundles in the leaves. Sclereids are irregularly shaped sclerenchyma cells. They have very thick and lignified secondary walls. They are found in different tissues of the plant such as periderm, cortex, pith, xylem, and phloem. Monocotyledons, or monocots, are flowering plants that have only one cotyledon. Cotyledon is an embryonic leaf, or a seed leaf. Monocots have veins that are usually parallel. Their vascular bundles are usually arranged in complex ways. Their stem is usually unbranched and fleshy. The root systems of monocots are fibrous. They have floral parts that usually come in multiples of threes. The leaves of monocots are usually thin because the endosperm to feed the new plant is not on the inside the seed leaf(refer to printed off charts). Dicotyledons, or dicots, are flowering plants that have two cotyledons. The veins on their leaves are usually netlike. Their vascular bundles are usually arranged in a ring shape. Dicots typically have a tough stem. Their root system is a taproot, with smaller roots growing from it. The floral parts usually come in multiples of four or five(refer to printed off charts). Plants also have meristems. Meristems are tissue in plants that contain undifferentiated cells, or meristematic cells. Meristematic cells are capable of continuous division, since they grow into a specialized structure later on. There are two types of meristems: apical meristems and lateral meristems. Apical meristems are located near the tips of roots and shoots and are responsible for primary growth, or growth in length. Lateral meristems are elongated and located in the shoots and in the roots. They are responsible for secondary growth, which is adding girth and strength to the roots and shoots. A stem is an alternating system of nodes. Nodes are the points on a stem in which leaves, branches, or roots grow. The stem segments in between nodes are called internodes. The number of leaves that grow from a node can help determine of what species a plant is. Each plant has many nodes. The morphology of plants reflect their evolutionary history as terrestrial organisms that must simultaneously inhabit and draw resources from two different sources: soil and air. The soil contains water and oxygen. The oxygen in soil is found in air pockets and it gives the plant the ability to break down sugars and release energy to allow the plant to live and grow. The water helps nourish the plants and helps it live and grow. The air(including sunlight), provides carbon dioxide for the plants. The air allows the plant to breathe and photosynthesize, to make food. A cross section of a leaf allows one to view the three tissue systems of a leaf: dermal, ground, and vascular. The dermal tissue includes the upper epidermis, the lower epidermis, and the stomata, or guard cells. The ground tissue is the mesophyll, which contains the palisade parenchyma and the spongy parenchyma. These parenchyma cells are equipped with chloroplasts and they are specialized for photosynthesis. The vascular tissue contains the xylem and phloem, which are the plants veins. The infrastructure of the vascular tissue acts as a skeleton that reinforces the shape of the leaf. Dermal tissue, or the epidermis, is a single layer of tightly compacted cells that cover and protects all young parts of the plant, best known as the skin of the plant. Ground tissue is neither vascular nor dermal. Ground tissue has many functions such as photosynthesis, storage, and support. Vascular tissue continues throughout the plant and is involved in transport of materials between roots and shoots. The veins of plants, which are the xylem and phloem, are within the vascular tissue. The xylem conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into shoots. The phloem transport food made in mature leaves to the roots and nonphotosynthetic part of the shoot. The epidermis of leaves and other photosynthetic organs pores are stomata, which supports photosynthesis by allowing the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the outside air and leafs interior. Stomata is the main avenue for water to exit leaves through evaporation. Stomata changes the shapes of the cell that border, stoma can close pores to minimize water loss in hot, dry conditions. Transport in plants occurs on three levels: (1) the uptake and loss of water and solutes, absorption of water and minerals from the soil by cells of roots; (2) short-distance transport of substance from cell to cell at the level of tissue and organs, loading sugar from photosynthetic cells into sieve tubes of phloem; (3) long-distance transport of sap within xylem and phloem at the level of the whole plant. The start of transport in a whole plant starts when roots absorbs water and dissolved minerals from soils. The water and minerals are transported upward from roots to shoots as xylem sap. Transpiration occurs, the loss of the water from the leaves through stomata pulls up the xylem sap. The gas exchange occurs in the stomata, exchanging carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and expelling oxygen. Sugars is produced in the leaves by photosynthesis, then the sugar is transported as phloem sap to roots and other parts of plant. Ending back where roots exchange gases with the air spaces of soil taking in oxygen and leaving carbon dioxide, the gas exchange supports the breakdown of sugar, cellular respiration in the root cells. Hypothesis: The aim of the experiment was not only on rooting, but how it occurs by looking into the transpiration. As previously discussed, the plants with the most Miracle Gro quickly died. The roots of said plants were quite black and their leaves were droopy. However, the control, or the Forsythia with 60 mL of water, was the tallest and strongest. In addition, the control plant provided a clearer example of lateral rooting. From this experiment, it is notable that Miracle Gro may be helpful for taller plants with need of a push to grow. In the case of our Forsythia, the plants with less, or no Miracle Gro at all, were the healthiest. The stomata count lab gave us a clearer understanding of the movement of water in and out of the plant. From this lab, connected this idea to the previous lab: Every time I came back to class, and observed our plants, we noticed less water in each tube. The plants with less Miracle Gro had less water, thus, more homeostasis. The plants with the most Miracle Gro seemed to have let water out, but let the salt and solutions in. Thus, there was little to no homeostasis. Table 1: Variables Type Description Reason Use Independent The independent variables are variables that can be changes to test the dependent variables. To test whether miracle growth changes the rate of growth and transpiration on a plant. Using light and miracle growth as the dependent variables it can altered to different lighting and different amounts. Dependent The dependent variable is the variable that is being tested and relies on the independent variable to have changed. The dependent variable is the reason for the whole experiment. The hypothesis is centered around testing the dependent variable. The dependent variables would be water and the plant itself because those are the only variables that arent altered and that depend on the independent variables Control The variable that is not altered at all, the variable stays the same to see whether the dependent variable has changed. Is the variable to tell whether the independent variables has changed the dependent variables. The plant that will stay the same which is some of the forsythia. Materials: 24 large test tubes Four test tube holders Deionized water Miracle Gro ( 5ml, 10ml) Two micropipettes 24 branches of Forsythia Microscope Clear nail polish Blue dye Graphing Paper Procedure: Lab #1 For the first lab, decided to use six tubes, with one Forsythia in each, for our results to have more validity. Each tube had 60 mL of water. However, the control tube was the only one that solely contained water. The other five tubes also contained water, but a specific number of Miracle Gro, in mL, was placed in each tube. For example, the second tube contained 55 mL of water and 5 mL of a water/Miracle Gro solution, the third tube contained 50 mL of water and 10 mL of water/Miracle Gro solution, etc. The aim of the lab was to determine the effectiveness of a stimulant in plant cell differentiation and cloning. The lab lasted an estimate of three weeks. We measured the plants to have the same amount of stomata dipped in water. The number of stomata dipped in water were four on each branch. Every Forsythia branch weighed 6 grams. In addition, we tried to use Forsythia with 15-17 leaves to be as accurate as possible. Procedure #2 By taking one of the leaves from one of the Forsythia used in the previous lab, our group aimed to count the number of stomata in a leaf to investigate more on the transpiration. I placed clear nail polish on the leaf. After the nail polished dried, I carefully removed the nail polish layer, as it contained most of the stomata. The role of the nail polish was to stick onto the leaf, thus, the stomata to stick on the layer. Then traced the leaf using graphing paper to cut a specific centimeter square. Lastly, placing a blue dye on the square, and placed it under the microscope. After counting the number of stomata in that square, we had to multiply that to the total number of squares that were inside of the leaf from the graphing paper. The final amount was around 5,000 stomata. Data Collected: Each day I went back and water the plants with the same amount of water. I also so paid attention to root growth and the leaves. When the roots finally started to grow I begun to measure the root growth of each plant remembering to write down my data. It was too much for me to put the root growth of every one of the twenty-four plants, so i averaged the growth according to which variables it was. Being that they are in the same variable group that they are giving the same amount of miracle growth. Table 2: Miracle growth in forsythia Type Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Growth of roots (inches) Dependent 5 mL 10 mL 5 mL 10 mL 5 mL 10 mL 5 mL 10 mL .75 inches .25 inches 1 inches .5 inches 2.3 inches .9 inches 2.8 inches 1.2 inches Control 1.5 inches 2.8 inches 3.4 inches 5 inches Evaluation: The lab investigation was limited in some ways. First, being that there was low ecological validity in the investigation since the experiment was done inside and not outside. Second, miracle growth isnt a substance that is naturally outside that can be tested. Third, the forsythias was clippings that was from an uprooted plant, as to measure the root growth, which couldnt be done if the experiment had high ecological validity. The quantitative data collected is enough to support my conclusion of miracle growth affects the root growth of forsythia also that miracle growth mixtures slowly kills the forsythia clippings. The data also shows that miracle growth mixtures also controls the increase stomata and transpiration of the forsythia clippings. Conclusion: The goal of my experiment was to determine whether my hypothesis that miracle growth concentrations would not only help in root growth but also kill the plant also growing the stomata count and transpiration of the forsythia clipping. The experiment was done by comparing different concentrations of miracle growth and water to a controlled forsythia group. The experiment somewhat supported the hypothesis in the portion that concerns root and stomatal growth, not so in the killing of forsythia being as I didnt start early and didnt have time to determine whether the forsythia will die. The goal of the experiment was reach in a way that it could be seen that the strengths and limitations. Works Cited BBC Gardening: Plant Finder Forsythia. BBC News, BBC, www.bbc.co.uk/gardening/plants/plant_finder/plant_pages/3306.shtml. Accessed 10 Mar. 2017. Easy Biology Class. Easybiologyclass, www.easybiologyclass.com/collenchyma-cells-in-plants-structure-classification-and-functions-with-ppt/. Accessed 10 Mar. 2017. The Editors of Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Parenchyma. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 20 July 1998, www.britannica.com/science/parenchyma-plant-tissue. Accessed 10 Mar. 2017. The Editors of Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Sclerenchyma. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 20 July 1998, www.britannica.com/science/sclerenchyma. Accessed 10 Mar. 2017. Wise, Nicole. The Science Behind Holganix: Monocots vs Dicots: What You Need To Know. HOLGANIX The Natural Green Solutio, www.holganix.com/blog/bid/59573/The-Science-Behind-Holganix-Monocots-vs-Dicots-What-You-Need-To-Know. Accessed 10 Mar. 2017. Wise, Nicole. The Science Behind Holganix: Monocots vs Dicots: What You Need To Know. HOLGANIX The Natural Green Solutio, www.holganix.com/blog/bid/59573/The-Science-Behind-Holganix-Monocots-vs-Dicots-What-You-Need-To-Know. Accessed 10 Mar. 2017. Accessed 10 Mar. 2017.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

A Sense of Justice :: Law College Admissions Essays

A Sense of Justice "It's midnight, and I'm standing in "the yard" after a powerful speech at Memorial Church just a few hours ago. The night is chilly, and I unravel the sweater from around my waist and place it upon my shoulders. As I stand freezing in the yard, a steady stream of friends and associates pass by me offering "congratulations". A short time before, I had delivered the introductory speech for our Black History Month campus guest speaker, Johnny Cochran. As I stood freezing in the yard, I was humbled. Cochran's message that night was that vigilant and systemic protest has profound power and can help deliver social justice. His message rang as true as Malcolm X's call to social action from the same podium more than thirty years before. And, now, as the stars lit the yard electric, Cochran's words took me back to the first time I understood what "protest" meant to me and my sense of justice. It was my first year at the most venerable institution in the world, and my high-school dreams had been achieved. Yet, that fall, I was feeling empty inside. As I drowned my sorrows in a latte at Au Bon Pain near the "T" entrance, I noticed a large crowd gathering outside. I later learned that a short time before, an undergraduate running to the co-op had carelessly knocked a homeless man to the ground. As I looked up from my latte, I saw a homeless man crawling around the sidewalk, yelling something about being unable to see and cursing profusely. Nearby, I saw a woman I recognized as a senior, crawling around on the ground with him. Finally, she stood up, with a pair of broken glasses in hand. "You bastard!" she screamed at the retreating undergraduate. I didn't know what to think. I had never seen a white homeless person before, and certainly not one being helped by a black woman. I approached the woman and told her my name. She was still clearly flustered and angry, her brown eyes flashing amid an expanse of curly hair. "They just don't get it!" she grumbled angrily. I silently looked down. Suddenly, she turned to me. "Sometimes, we've got to sit down and stand up for the dignity of human kind. Sometimes, we've got to do what's right." Silently, I nodded my head.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Cultural communication in France

French people have expectations for people they interact with in their country whether foreign or local. They look to people trying to express themselves in French, because they are proud of their culture and their history with all the roles it has played on the world affairs. They have a brief hand shake done when as greetings for when people and also as bye bye when people are leaving. During discussions people face each other and are close to each other. It is considered rude to chew a gun in public, and to have hands inside the pockets while speaking to people or in public.Political discussions are usually common subjects in discussion which gets interesting since they are heated debates, this is a form of entertainment but people prefer not to talk about how they voted, or are planning to vote. At introductions people prefer to use the first name alone. At work, in schools there lacks the spirit of team work as students are taught on a system which encourages individual goal rea lization. Their dressing is more formal as compared to Americans, but they are not so conservative and they prefer to express their individuality by their way of dressing at work.Dark colored fabrics with patterns are in preference to light colored ones. In their meetings they spend so much time analyzing and little time on aims and steps to take. Meetings done over meals will only commence towards the end of a meal e. g. at dessert. French people are not so consciously punctual. They are a clear line between official matters and those that are private. Privacy is respected; knock and wait for an answer before you enter into a room. Organizations are based on hierarchy and centralization.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Biography of Ashoka the Great, Indias Mauryan Emperor

Biography of Ashoka the Great, India's Mauryan Emperor Ashoka the Great (c. 304–232 BCE) was the emperor of Indias Maurya Dynasty from 268 to 232 BCE and is remembered for his remarkable conversion to nonviolence and his merciful reign. In 265 BCE after witnessing the devastation of his own attack on the Kalinga region, he converted from being a brutal conqueror of a vast empire to a benevolent emperor who successfully ruled according to nonviolent principles. His edicts encouraged the protection of animals, mercy for criminals, and tolerance of other religions. Fast Facts: Ashoka the Great Known For: Ashoka was the ruler of Indias Mauryan Empire; after an epiphany, he became a promoter of Buddhist non-violence.Born: 304 BCE in Pataliputra, Mauryan EmpireParents: Bindusara and DharmaDied: 232 BCE in Pataliputra, Mauryan EmpireSpouse(s): Devi, Kaurwaki confirmed; many others allegedChildren: Mahinda, Kunala, Tivala, JalaukaNotable Quote: Dharma is good. And what is Dharma? It is having few faults and many goods deeds, mercy, charity, truthfulness, and purity. Early Life In 304 BCE, the second emperor of the Maurya Dynasty, Bindusara, welcomed a son named Ashoka Bindusara Maurya into the world. The boys mother Dharma was only a commoner. She had several older children- half-brothers of Ashoka- so Ashoka seemed unlikely to ever ascend the throne. Ashoka grew up to be a bold, troublesome, and cruel young man who was always extremely fond of hunting. According to legend, he killed a lion using only a wooden stick. His older half-brothers feared Ashoka  and convinced his father to post him as a general to distant frontiers of the Mauryan Empire. Ashoka proved to be a competent general, putting down a rebellion in the Punjabi city of Taxshila. Aware that his brothers viewed him as a rival for the throne, Ashoka went into exile for two years in the neighboring country of Kalinga. While he was there, he fell in love with and later married a commoner, a fisher-woman named Kaurwaki. Introduction to Buddhism Bindusara recalled his son to Maurya to help quell an uprising in Ujjain, the former capital of the Avanti Kingdom. Ashoka succeeded but was injured in the fighting. Buddhist monks tended to the wounded prince in secret so that his eldest brother, the heir-apparent Susima, would not learn of Ashokas injuries. At this time, Ashoka officially converted to Buddhism and began embracing its principles, though they were in direct conflict with his life as a general. He met and fell in love with a woman from Vidisha called Devi who also attended to his injuries during this period. The couple later married. When Bindusara died in 275 BCE, a two-year war for the throne erupted between Ashoka and his half-brothers. The Vedic sources vary on how many of Ashokas brothers died- one says that he killed them all while another states that he killed several of them. In either case, Ashoka prevailed and became the third ruler of the Mauryan Empire. Imperial Rule For the first eight years of his reign, Ashoka waged near-constant war on surrounding regions. He had inherited a sizable empire, but he expanded it to include most of the Indian subcontinent, as well as the area from the current-day borders of Iran and Afghanistan in the west to Bangladesh and Burma border in the east. Only the southern tip of India and Sri Lanka  and the kingdom of Kalinga on the northeast coast of India remained out of his reach. In 265 BCE, Ashoka attacked Kalinga. Although it was the homeland of his second wife Kaurwaki and the king of Kalinga had sheltered Ashoka before his ascent to the throne, the Mauryan emperor gathered the largest invasion force in Indian history and launched his assault. Kalinga fought back bravely, but in the end it was defeated and all of its cities were sacked. Ashoka had led the invasion in person, and he went out into the capital city of Kalinga the morning after his victory to survey the damage. The ruined houses and bloodied corpses of nearly 150,000 slain civilians and soldiers sickened the emperor, and he experienced a religious epiphany. Although he had considered himself more or less a Buddhist prior to that day, the carnage at Kalinga led Ashoka to devote himself completely to Buddhism, and he vowed to practice ahimsa, or nonviolence,  from that day forward. Edicts Had Ashoka simply vowed to himself that he would live according to Buddhist principles, later ages would likely not remember his name. However, he published his intentions for the whole empire to read. Ashoka wrote out a series of edicts, explaining his policies and aspirations for the empire and urging others to follow his enlightened example. The Edicts of King Ashoka were carved onto pillars of stone 40 to 50 feet high and set up all around the edges of the Mauryan Empire as well as in the heart of Ashokas realm. Dozens of these pillars can still be found in India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. In his edicts, Ashoka vowed to care for his people like a father and promised neighboring people that they need not fear him- that he would use only persuasion, not violence, to win people over. Ashoka noted that he had made available shade and fruit trees for the people as well as medical care for all people and animals. His concern for living things also appeared in a ban on live sacrifices and sport hunting as well as a request for respect for all other creatures, including servants. Ashoka urged his people to follow a vegetarian diet  and banned the practice of burning forests or agricultural wastes that might harbor wild animals. A long list of animals appeared on his protected species list, including bulls, wild ducks, squirrels, deer, porcupines, and pigeons. Ashoka also ruled with incredible accessibility. He noted that I consider it best to meet with people personally. To that end, he went on frequent tours around his empire. He also advertised that he would stop whatever he was doing if a matter of imperial business needed attention, even if he was having dinner or sleeping. In addition, Ashoka was very concerned with judicial matters. His attitude toward convicted criminals was quite merciful. He banned punishments such as torture, removing peoples eyes, and the death penalty, and he urged pardons for the elderly, those with families to support, and those who were doing charitable work. Finally, although Ashoka urged his people to practice Buddhist values, he fostered an atmosphere of respect for all religions. Within his empire, people followed not only the relatively new Buddhist faith but also Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Greek polytheism, and many other belief systems. Ashoka served as an example of tolerance for his subjects, and his religious affairs officers encouraged the practice of any religion. Death Ashoka the Great ruled as a just and merciful king from his epiphany in 265 until his death at the age of 72 in 232 BCE. His body was given a royal cremation ceremony. Legacy We do not know the names of most of Ashokas wives and children, however, his twin children by his first wife, a boy called Mahindra and a girl named Sanghamitra, were instrumental in converting Sri Lanka to Buddhism. After Ashokas death, the Mauryan Empire continued to exist for 50 years before going into a gradual decline. The last Mauryan emperor was Brhadrata, who was assassinated in 185 BCE by one of his generals, Pusyamitra Sunga. Although his family did not rule for long after he was gone, Ashokas principles and his examples lived on through the Vedas and his edicts, which can still be seen on pillars today. Sources Lahiri, Nayanjot.  Ashoka in Ancient India. Harvard University Press, 2015.Trainor, Kevin.  Buddhism: the Illustrated Guide. Duncan Baird, 2004.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Causes and consequences of World War 1

Causes and consequences of World War 1 World War 1 that sparked on 28th July 1914 was caused by a number of intertwined factors; the sparking day was when Archduke  Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated in Sarajevo.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Causes and consequences of World War 1 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The death of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne triggered anger, conflicts, and hostility that had stockpiled for decades among tribes in Central Europe. The stockpiled conflicts and hostility had been built by diplomatic clashes among the then Great Powers (Austria-Hungarian Empire, Italy, France, Great Britain, Germany, and Russia); the failed diplomacy can be traced since 1867, they created and left high tensions among the nations. There are many versions that have been developed by historians and philosophers, however the most talked and agreed cause is the â€Å"One Thing Led to Another†. According to the con cept Austro-Hungarian wanted to partake disciplinary measures upon Balkans; however the German repelled them as they wanted greater power and international influence. The move by German did not go well with Britain Navy army who responded by Dreadnought and greater warships. France also desired to revenge against Germans following disastrous defeat in 1871; the defeat had created rising tension in France Army, they seemed to have been waiting for time to revenge. Japanese and Russian Military war in 1905 created the anxiety to restore some semblance of national prestige; the anxiety was high enough that it could be triggered to war. The trigger took effect on the 28th July 1914 when every nation seemed to take different stand on the occasion; despite the action, it’s true that the underlying pressures and conflicts only find their path to be expressed unfortunately through war. Factors that led inexorably to World War  1 can be summed up as militarism, alliances, nationalis m, and imperialism differences that prevailed among the early 20th century Great Powers. In Western Europe, the war went till early 1920 however in the eastern side the war ended on 11:00 am  GMT  on November 11, 1918. The aftermath of the war was felt in economic, social, and cultural arenas in Africa, Europe, and Asia; there were also some effects on those countries that never got involved directly. In a nutshell the effect can be classified as demolition of countries/territories, formation of international organizations that aimed at preventing any such future attacks, formation of new countries, creating of ideologies in people among others.Advertising Looking for term paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Before the end of war in 11th Nov. 1918, Germany lost approximately 523,000 people from hunger and war effect; during war there was what was referred to as blockade of Germany. Blockade of Germa ny was export restrictions by other war countries to Germany; Germany them depended on importation so the suffering was severe. In 1918, there was an outbreak of flue which was mistaken to be Spanish Flu; it is estimated that the viral disease claimed the lives of over 50 million people worldwide. The cost involved in the war were much and had an effect on the fighting countries at the expense of economic , social, and political development of the fighting nations. For example the United Kingdom expense made the country to be a net borrower with approximately 40% its government spending being financed from debts. Inflation in Germany, Russia, and United Kingdom doubled between 1914 and 1920. High inflation and strained government spending lead to deterioration of living standards (Divine, Breen, Fredrickson, 2006). How does Jim Crow emerge and evolve into the system of profound segregation? Jim Crow Laws are United States of America local laws enacted between 1876 and 1956; the laws were enacted with the aim of mandating de jure racial segregation. The laws led to the believe, treatments, and accommodation that Black Americans were separate but equal to their counterparts White Americans. According to the laws, Blacks were allowed to attend schools, have some economic activities, enjoy some social amenities but they were doing this not at the same facilities with the White Americans. They saw the introduction of some drinking places, public transport, segregation of restrooms for the whites and black Americans. The name Jim Crow is not aperson’s name as it is likely to suggest; it was the subject of a song by Thomas Dartmouth â€Å"Daddy† Rice. Thomas Dartmouth â€Å"Daddy† Rice performed in black face and aimed at denigrating blacks through his songs; the song suggest some satisfaction that slaves had by their very nature of being slaves in a mockery manner. The song gave the background of Jim Crow laws; in the laws as was legislated late r suggested that there was no need to have Black-White marriages and any other sexual contact among the two. In the event that a White was competing with a Black, the laws provided that the White has worn and should be crowned. In social and economic cycles, the interaction of the whites and Blacks was controlled by the laws that neither of the groups was allowed to cross the other party’s path.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Causes and consequences of World War 1 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Jim Crow laws emerged in the period of 1865 to 1877 where federal laws provided rights to vote and contend for a seat to both White and Black Americans. However the Whites used paramilitary to intimidate and prevent the Blacks from voting; the end result was conservative white democrats dominating in every southern state. In 1877 national election, there were efforts to gain the support of the southerners; to g et the support of the black Jim Crow laws were legislated to create some segregation of black and white. The way the laws were enacted was in a manner likely to suggest that the blacks have been given some rights and privileges that they never enjoyed under the federal laws. The rights and privileges were seen as shadow of the Whites as it involved elements like being allowed to go to school, medical care, games, and clubs but the facilities were of lower class than the ones the White Americans went. This created tension among them where the whites were supported by the law to behave in a manner likely to suggest they are superior beings than the Blacks Americans. The civil rights act of 1964 declared most â€Å"separate but equal†Ã‚   (Jim Crow) laws as unconstitutional; the legislation aimed at creating an equal playing ground where both the whites and the Blacks would be regarded as Americans and not be treated differently. Despite the advocacy against the laws, there are some elements of its practice in South America where some whites believe the Blacks are the reason why they suffer thus they need to be treated differently(Divine, Breen, Fredrickson, 2006). Causes of the Great Depression and how New Deal programs attempt to solve the underlying flaws of the economy? Great Depression is termed as one of the worst economic downfall to have faced the United States of America; the depression was not caused by a single parameter but by combination of different factors. The causes of the depression are thought to include the stock market clash on October 29 1929; after the clash, two month down the lane stockholders lost approximately $40 billion dollars. In 1930, there were over 6000 American banks that failed; the failure was followed by huge losses as the banks had not insured their savings.Advertising Looking for term paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Those banks that survived were not willing to offer loan facilities thus the economic development and confidence in financial institutions was lost. With the stock market clash and the reduced loan facilities, the Americans were not willing to spend the little saving they had, the net effect was reduction in purchasing across the board. Other than the economic hardship of the 1929 and 1930, there was drought in Mississippi Valley in 1930 (the drought made the area be nicknamed â€Å"The Dust Bowl†) which made people not able to pay their taxes. When taxes are not paid, the government has no finances to spend in the countries development. As a policy to save domestic companies, the American government introduced a tax called Smoot-Hawley Tariff on imports, the tariff made importation expensive and trading countries shied off from trading with America, the net effect was economic retaliation. The New Deal policy was an American economic strategy between 1933 and 1936 under Pres ident Franklin D. Roosevelt to respond to Great Depression issues. The program aimed at implementing fast and efficient mechanisms to restore people’s living standards and gain confidence with the economy, the policy was working on 3R’s policy (Relief, Recovery, and Reform). Programs termed as relief focused on the poor and unemployed; under the program the government created jobs for them and looked for ways that people would become self reliant with their businesses. Under the recovery programs aimed at returning the challenged economy to its original state as a growing and strong world economy. Under the policies the government was writing off debts and financing institutions that have succumbed to the Great Depression. When recovery and relief programs were operating as had been planned, the government embarked on aggressive reforms in policies and institutions in the efforts to ensure such an occurrence will not occur. Some of the institutions addressed by reforms programs include the financial sector, insurances, and large multinationals and manufacturing companies. It was also agreed that policies enacted in the economy be vetted closely to ensure they are quality and can stand economic downturns (Divine, Breen, Fredrickson, 2006). Compare the leadership styles and policies of Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt was the 26th United States President, he lived October 27, 1858  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ January 6, 1919; the leadership style adopted by the president was that that involved the people solve their own problems. He emphasized on equality in resources distribution, power, and opportunities for all citizens regardless their ethnic background. The leader emphasized on the need to conserve American Heritage; he is remembered for having managed to conserve f 5 national parks, 18 national monuments, and 150 National Forests. Although Theodore Roosevelt had no problem with other nationalists in America, he emphasized the need to Americanize. In most of his speech he made it clear that any nationalist who qualified and was willing to become an American was welcomed to do so but in the event someone does not want to become an American, then he was opposed to such a person being in the territory. During his time he made the role of a president felt in the economy where he used his character and knowledge to make decisions that had to be followed to the letter. He is one of American presidents who attended churches and believed in God; he thus advocated for just, integrity, and an economy without corruption. Franklin Roosevelt (January 30, 1882  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ April 12, 1945) was a charismatic leaders who addressed United States political and economic matters during the era of world war and economic crisis. His charisma was seen in how he physically got involved in matters of economic development and creating strong army in the country to protect its borders. According to the leaders style the government should act only as a wheel to an economy but the people were the real drivers of an economy. He redefined the role of government in an economy and advocated for social programs that aimed at addressing a certain social program. When making decisions, he was one president who wanted to be involved in every process however in his turn he involved his subordinates when making decisions. Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Roosevelt ruled in different eras however their leadership styles have a lot in common. Both the presidents emphasized on the role the government should play to facilitate economic, social, and political development in the economy. Again they were cautious of the role that citizens play in the economic system of America. The main difference of the leaders is seen on how they approached making fast and quick decisions. Theodore Roosevelt never had the need to consult when coming up with a decision but made a decision and stood by it; the style can be termed to have some form of s oft dictatorship. On the other hand, Franklin Roosevelt believed in consultation; when making fast decisions, he would consult experts and never minded consulting his oppressors. As long as someone had what it took to improve the American economy, Franklin Roosevelt was willing to work with him or her (Divine, Breen, Fredrickson, 2006). Discuss the history of the working class movement from the end of the Civil war through the Taft-Hartley Act The end of American Civil wars in 1865 saw the emergence of labor movements; the movement were aimed at reducing oppression of workers and advocated for better packages and good working conditions. The first labor union was founded in 1866 called National Labor Union (NLU); it was followed by the Order of the Knights of St, Crispin in an year later. The movements were against the introduction of machinery in the shoes production industry; they claimed that the introduction would lead to loss of jobs. In 1870 with the development of railways tr ansport system, there was the emergence of Railroad brotherhoods; the movement aimed at addressing issues specific in the industry. They looked into issues like medical and insurance packages to drivers and conductors. In 1916, the consolidated their power and threatened to conduct a national strike; they included movements like   the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen, the Order of Railway Conductors the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, and Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers (BLE). With the threat the government ordered for a ten hour pay for an eight hour day job. In 1935, New York Senator Robert F. Wagner sponsored a bill that seeks to allow private employers to react on their employees who formed labor unions. The bill seeks to protect employers from oppression from their employees although it came with some exemptions. The bill excluded employees who were covered by Railways labor Union, government employees, and agricultural employees. The second world war saw the developme nts of labor unions; during the time 36% American working class joined labor unions this was a rise from 8.7 million in 1940 to over 14.3 million in 1945. The end of Second World War in August 1945 came the wave of workers strikes demanding better salaries and better working conditions; the strikes were led by labor unions that negotiated on behalf of their members. In 1945 United Auto Workers Union  (UAW) sent their members (GM employees) to a strike; 180,000 employees participated in the national wide strike where they demanded better working conditions and wages. In January the following year, the striking GM employees were joined by almost half a million steelworkers, 150,000 packinghouse workers, and approximately 200,000 electrical workers and numerous other small industry employees. The 1945/1946 strengthened labor unions but weakened the economy. The United States government decided to enact a legislation which would be an improvement of Wagner Act; the law aimed at creati ng an alternative method of solving employment contracts disputes other than strikes; the bill was called the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 or Labor-Management Relations Act. Labor-Management Relations Act was sponsored by Senator  Robert Taft  and Representative  Fred Hartley; the act aimed at creating better platform where employers and employees would debate and solve their disputes in more diplomatic manner than striking. However the bill did not face-out workers striking right but outline some prohibited labor practices (Divine, Breen, Fredrickson, 2006). Reference Divine, A., Breen, H., Fredrickson, G. (2006). America Past and Present, Volume II (since 1865). New York: Longman

Monday, November 4, 2019

Maritime Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Maritime Policy - Essay Example According to the International Transport Workers Federation (ITF), flags of convenience can be defined as: ‘where beneficial ownership and control of a vessel is found to lay elsewhere than in the country of the flag the vessel is flying’ (ITF, 2007, Pg.1). There are two main modes of registering shipping vessels: closed and open registers. Closed registers are the conventional form whereby the ship owners and the majority of crew emanate from the registering country. Open registers or ‘flags of convenience’ are however those registrations, which are open to any nationality subject to the registering country’s regulations that are often very relaxed to attract as many ship-owners as possible. Open registers are further subdivided into two more categories: Open National Registers and Open International Registers. Under Open National Registers, the ships are obliged to follow the trading regulations of the flag-state encompassing employment and tax guidelines. In Open International Registers, the ships are less stringently regulated enjoying tax exemptions on their profits, easy employment terms for their international crews, lax company regulations and relaxed safety standard enforcement (O’Keefe, 2002, p. 4). Although flag states are required to ensure that ships registered in their domain follow the requisite international laws in addition to administrative control, technical and social issues, however most of those licensing the flag of convenience (FOC) rarely bother to monitor the operations of the vessels. The United Nations has blamed these states for exacerbating marine accidents and compromising maritime security and safety (Gianni, 2008). According to the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea (UNICPOLOS) in Gianni (2008), ‘many shipping accidents and resulting loss of life and marine pollution are not the result of

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Auditing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Auditing - Assignment Example The research delves on five of the major areas of heightened audit risk of Havelock Europa Plc (Havelock Europa, 2013). The basis for including the accounts as heightened risk involves two factors. The two factors are internal control and inherent risk (Messier, 2011). Certain financial report accounts have higher probabilities of errors or frauds. The current research centres on five such financial report accounts. The accounts are sales, receivables, payables, cash, and inventory. There is an audit risk that there is error or fraud in the  £ 100,778 thousand Revenue amount during 2012. There is a probability that sales completed during January of 2013 were included in the 2012 sales figure. This can be fraudulently done in order to present a falsely higher sales figure, improving the company’s financial report image (Lyn, 2011). Similarly, there is a probability that uncompleted sales transactions were included in the 2012 financial reports (Dauber, 2009). The uncompleted sales amount includes customer’s promise to purchase the company’s products and services that were never completed. Another possibility is that products returned by customers were not recorded as sales revenue reductions (sales returns). Similarly, discounts given to customers who pay early or pay in case are not reflected as deductions from the gross revenue amounts. Further, sales allowances given to customers to satisfy their complaints concerning poor product and service quality may not be deduction from the gross revenue amount. Further, another possibility is recording a Revenue transaction when there is actually no sales transaction started, processed, or completed (Dauber, 2009). Likewise, there is a possibility that the sales amounts were erroneous recorded or fraudulently recorded. In addition, the financial reports may erroneously or fraudulently not include some realized

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Climate change and hydraulic impacts on water networks supply Literature review

Climate change and hydraulic impacts on water networks supply - Literature review Example 13 3. Conclusion 14 References 15 1. Introduction One of the most important characteristics of last decade is the increase of extreme climate phenomena worldwide. These phenomena have been related to significant climate change, compared to the past. The research that has been developed in this field has led to the assumption that climate change has been resulted mostly due to the following three reasons: ‘a) the changes in solar’s radiation, b) the changes in the structure of atmosphere and c) the changes in the earth’s surface’ (Ahrens 2007, p.438). Certain events, such as ‘the tectonic activity’ (Rafferty 2011, p.179) have been also related to the current expansion of climate change. In addition, it has been proved that the lack of control in regard to climate change can lead to non-reversible problems, such as global warming (Maslin 2007, p.17). One of the most important aspects of climate change seems to be its potential impact on water net works supply. The specific issue is explored below using appropriate literature. The findings of empirical research and data published by governmental and non-governmental organizations have been also employed for offering an in-depth analysis in regard to this study’s subject. 2. ... There are several factors that are related to climate change. In a study developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) it is made clear that the relationship between climate and specific events has not fully explored. For this reason, when trying to evaluate climate change it is necessary to refer to appropriate parameters (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007, p.718). In any case, evaluating climate changes can be a challenging task since climate conditions are not standardized (Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change 2007, p.718). In terms of their context, the parameters of climate change can be highly differentiated. In fact, it seems that each time that climate changes need to be assessed the parameters used need to vary according to the characteristics of the region, as of its geography, and the information available (Van Dam 2003, p.111). Of course, there are certain parameters that are necessarily used when evaluating climate changes worldwide. The level of CO2 emissions or the annual average volume of waste can be considered as indicative parameters of such type (Van Dam 2003, p.111). It should be noted that climate change is usually evaluated using appropriate models. The parameters on which these models are based can be different according to the structure of each model as related to its aims. For example, there are models that require the use of ‘current climate conditions for predicting future climate conditions’ (Mirza and Ahmad 2005, p.32). Other models can employ different parameters, including the characteristics of a region’s soil, such as ‘soil structure or soil moisture’ (Mirza and Ahmad 2005, p.32). Solar radiation, in regard to a particular

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

The History of Soft Drinks Essay Example for Free

The History of Soft Drinks Essay Interesting Information on Origin Background Of Soft Drinks Talking about the history of soft drinks, it can be traced back to the time when mineral water was found in natural springs. As per the general belief during that time, natural spring was considered healthy for life. In fact, people believed that just by bathing in the springs, one could be cured of many diseases. The reasoning also instigated them to drink the water. The earliest form of soft drinks was sherbets, which was developed by Arabic chemists and served in the medieval Near East. These were basically juice or fruit punch, as we call it today, soft drinks made from crushing fruits, herbs and flowers. In the mid 13th century, a drink named Dandelion Burdock made a rage in England. It was prepared by fermenting dandelion and burdock roots and then naturally carbonating them. Though the drink is still available today, the flavor has changed. It was in the 17th century that the first marketed non-carbonated drink appeared in the West. The juice mainly consisted of water, lemon juice and honey as its major ingredients. In the year 1676, the Compagnie des Limonadiers of Paris was granted a monopoly for the sale of lemonade soft drinks. Local dealers would carry tanks of lemonade drink and sell it to thirsty Parisians in dispensable cups. It was only in the next century that the actual carbonated mineral water was manufactured, thanks to Joseph Priestley and his discovery. Priestley discovered a method of infusing water with carbon dioxide, to make carbonated water. He found out that the infused water had a pleasant taste and served as a refreshing drink. The water is still available today and is better known as soda water. With time, the concept of carbonated water caught up and other scientists started improvising the method. Torbern Bergman, a Swedish chemist, invented a generating apparatus that made carbonated water from chalk, by the use of sulfuric acid. The most advantageous feature about Bergmans apparatus was that it allowed production of mineral water in large amounts. By this time, another Swedish chemist, Jons Jacob Berzelius started adding flavors to the drink. The concept of artificial mineral water intensified in United States. It was in the year 1806 that Yale chemistry professor Benjamin Silliman sold soda waters in New Haven, Connecticut. Soon, people started the business of selling mineral water. John Matthews of New York City and John Lippincott of Philadelphia began manufacturing soda fountains. Artificial mineral water was considered healthy for life. With time, the water was further urbanized, as flavors started to play a major role. Herbs, such as birch bark (see birch beer), dandelion, sarsaparilla, fruit extracts and other substances were added to the mineral water to improve the taste. Since the U. S. glass industry was facing problems, bottled drinks did not play a major role. Instead, soft drinks were dispensed and consumed at a soda fountain, usually in a drugstore or ice cream parlor. In 1885-86, Charles Aderton invented ‘Dr Pepper’ flavored beverage in Waco, Texas, while Dr. John S. Pemberton formulated ‘Coca-Cola’ in Atlanta, Georgia. Four years later, Caleb Bradham had invented the ‘Pepsi-Cola’. The last year of 19th century saw first patent issued for a glass blowing machine, used to produce glass bottles. However, it was only in the 20th century that bottled soda increased exponentially. Year 1919 saw the formation of the American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages. Four years later, the first Hom Paks or soft drink cartons were created. The later half of the century saw the emergence of canned soft drinks, which formed an important share of the market. Facing a lot of tiffs and squabbles, be it economic downturns or health movements, soft drinks manage to be one of the most profound beverages available in the food and beverage industry, by constantly adapting themselves to the changing taste of consumers.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Impact of Brand Extensions

Impact of Brand Extensions Launching brand extensions are a bit like having kids just because you can doesnt mean you should. But if the conditions are right, and everything is thoroughly prepared and though through, then it can be terrifically rewarding Rory Sutherland, Creative Director, Ogilvy One, as cited in (Miller Muir, 2004). Initially, brand extensions begun in the luxury goods industry, when the French haute couture fashion houses started diversifying to jewelry, watches, cosmetics and accessories. In 1921, French luxury fashion house Chanel launched its first perfume, Chanel nÂÂ °5 and it remains until now one of the best-selling perfume in the world, enhancing the luxury reputation of the brand. In the last few years, many luxury fashion houses have launched new ventures in order to expand their recognizability outside their usual area of activities; i.e., clothing, cosmetics and accessories. This process initiated by evolving to new spaces such as hotels, bars, or restaurants where people can experience a special mood; often in strict relationship with the philosophy of the brand. With the success of many luxury brands entering the hospitality industry such as Bulgari, Versace, this research paper seeks to analyze Guccis brand extension and advise the head of directors on the impacts of extending to the hospitality business. Founded in the 1920s, Gucci has become one of the worlds leading luxury fashion brands. With a renowned reputation for design, quality and Italian traditional expertise, the brand offers a wide range of products (clothing, handbags, shoes, timepieces, jewelry and skis). Gucci covers all aspects of product launching, from designing, through manufacturing , and distribution. (Kering, 2013) In the study of the arguments for and against, the researcher will examine brands that have intended this diversification earlier to get an indication of the impacts of undertaking such a project. The key strategy used to examine the outcomes of progressing the Gucci group into the hospitality industry is the Brand extension strategy (Aaker Keller, 1990, pp. 27-41); that the researcher will enhance by applying the Categorization theory (Smith Medin, 1981). Furthermore, previous examples of failure or success of brand diversification will be discussed as in essential to avoid pitfalls and has an influence on the decision. Among these examples, the Golden Arch Hotel, case of McDonalds extends to the hospitality industry. In order to better conduct the research, the major first step is to clearly define the research aims and objectives. The Aim is what the paper wants to achieve depending on the business question, while the Objectives distinguish how the aim is going to be achieved (Manchester Metropolitan University, 2008). The next section will focus on both parts so as to build the structure and serve as a guiding line for the rest of this essay. Aim Objectives Aim This research project aims to analyze whether a luxury brand such as the Gucci group, should extend their products and services into the hotel industry in order to follow the path previously experienced by the Armani group in Dubai. Objectives To determine if the brand extension strategy successively fits the group; if it is compatible with the core brand and company goals, as diversification can enable a business to access new revenue streams. What is Brand extension theory? The conceptual model Does it apply to the Gucci Group? What are the costs of such a process? What are the benefits and limitations? What are the competitors? (SWOT Analysis) To critically review if the Italian lifestyle and the prestige of Italian fashion industry constitute important elements of cultural heritage that can be productively employed in the fields of leisure and hospitality marketing. Does the brand equity apply to the Hospitality Industry? What variables influence consumers perceptions about the acceptability of brand extensions? How similarity and consumer innovativeness may affect the brand? To analyze whether brand extension strategy is a proper tool to keep the brand up to date whilst the organization adapt to market changes. Does extending to the hospitality industry risk making it lose its relevance and appeal? Is the brand strong enough to guarantee successful brand extension? (Case study of McDonalds adventure in the hotel industry) Will it improve overall brand image or damage brand identity? Literature review Brand Extension Strategy The original definition of a brand, as cited by Aaker, is a distinguishing name and/or symbol (such as a logo, motto, package design or trademark) intended to identify the goods or services of one seller, and to differentiate those goods or services from those of the competition (Aaker Keller, 1990). A brand extension is defined when a company uses an existing brand name to introduce a new product (Vukasovic, 2012), as well as, when an existing brand is combined with a new brand when introducing a new product (Keller, 2008). Consumer Behavior Seminar, regrouping a number of contributors, first introduced brand extension in 1987. They were trying to understand how consumers extend prior associations about a companys brands to new products offered by the same firm (Boush, et al., 1987). Nowadays, brand extensions might be one of the most researched and impacting areas of marketing (Elliott Percy, 2007). Brand extension is considered to be the most attractive marketing strategy; indeed, it enables to reduce the launching cost of introducing new products by compensating with the consumers perception and awareness of the parent brand (Lassar, Mittal, Sharma, 1995). Therefore, a successful brand extension will allow manufacturers to take advantage from this by gaining a higher expectation in the consumers mind and hold more shelf space for their brands. It has also been determined that the least quality variation in product diversification is likely to gain more consumers than when the product lines are distinguishable (Lassar, Mittal, Sharma, 1995). The implementation of this strategy will result in lower advertising costs for the extended brand as well as higher sales because of the knowledge experience of the brand. Nonetheless, numerous researchers agreed that luxury brand extensions have been left behind. Even though the luxury brands were the first to initiate brand extensions by extending their haute couture brand to accessories, cosmetics, watches and jewelry, and though brand extensions are the essence of an organization model of the luxury haute couture brands (Uggla Lashgari, 2012), yet the main researchers that were conducted were either relating about a non luxury brand or a venture between a luxury and a non-luxury brand, which has some particular limitations (Stankeviciute Hoffmann, 2011). Previous findings on the impact of brand extensions on the luxury parent brand will be introduced, followed by a focus on the categorization theory and a self-created conceptual model. The Impact of Brand Extensions on the Luxury Parent Brand It has been proven that luxury brands may be compromising their reputation while diversifying and targeting a wider market share. We record well-known luxury brand Pierre Cardin who fall into every consumers reach goods by using his notoriety in marketing a commercial quality of hundreds of products. This can be understood by high quality non-personal needs when customers wish to buy products, not available to a broader public (Dubois Paternault, 1995). In order to strengthen the core luxury brand image of the parent brand, luxury brand extensions are often attempted, thus, the relationship between consumers and the luxury brand must be strengthened. In a study in 1995, Elyette Roux intended to measure the impact of luxury brand extensions on the parent brand image through brand prestige, brand confidence and desirability (Roux, Consumer Evaluation of Luxury Brand Extensions, 1995). In order to do so, Roux predicted that she could use conceptual fit, transferability, and perceived quality of original brand as variables. The results proved that brand confidence is only influenced by the conceptual fit approach. Thus, only luxury brand extensions that are in strict correlation to the build brand confidence and the parent luxury brands expertise will have a positive outcome on the parent brand. If extensions are uncertain, brand image dilution will happen due to brand confidence decrease. Brand prestige is mainly anticipated by brand quality and conceptual fit. On a lower extend, transferability contributes in a significant way to brand prestige. Only acknowledged luxury brand extensions will enrich brand prestige, assuming the luxury brand possesses the ability to substitute its credentials and has quality reputation. Luxury brand extensions are facing many challenges to extend target markets (Dubois Paternault, 1995). The aim is to increase consumers need for this specific brand. Brand perceived quality and conceptual fit are the main predictors for desirability. The decrease of brand desirability will harm the luxury brand image. People devoting to buy luxury brands for pretention motives, will remove their demand off these brands. Globally, the results proved that brand prestige; brand confidence and brand desirability are significantly linked with the nature of luxury brand extensions (Boush, et al., 1987). In 1996, Roux went a step further, expanding the study on the impact of brand extensions on a luxury fashion brands confidence, prestige and desirability balanced by the use of consumers knowledge level. The hypothesis was not supported, it involved that more knowledgeable people would give the parent brand elements more extreme evaluations. This hypothesis approves that consumers are attracted to buy luxury fashion brands because of their emotional benefit and image influence. Furthermore, the study states that brand prestige; desirability and confidence, when used as purchase intention variables, have no relationship among each other. (Roux Boush, The Role of Familiarity and Expertise in Luxury Brand Extension, 1996). The Categorization Theory Categorization enables a large variety of subordinate functions because classifying something as a category member grants people to bring their knowledge of the category to focus on the new entrant (Smith Medin, 1981). The step in which any cylindrical object is determined as a flashlight allows you to understand the Categorization theory. Therefore, people trend to predict its parts, trace its functions, and presume its behavior (Cheah Phau, 2008). Once people have categorized some new entity, for example, they may be using suitable knowledge for prediction and acceptation. For example, you can easily assume that the cylindrical object set as a flashlight will have one battery at least, will have some kind of interrupter, and will basically produce a beam of light when the switch is pressed. People do not only categorize to accept new market entrants, they also use the new entities to modify and update their concepts. In a nutshell, categorization supports learning (Medin Rips, 2 005). The Conceptual Model This conceptual model was proposed by the researcher in order to better understand the impact of brand extensions on the parent brand equity of luxury brands. As brand extension affects the four outcomes, these interact in a certain way. Figure : The impact of brand extension

Friday, October 25, 2019

Essay --

In both Things Fall Apart and Antigone, Okonkwo and Creon faced many similar difficulties along their paths to their predetermined fate. In white men trying to convert Okonkwo’s village to Christianity, ultimately leading to the suicide of Okonkwo. And in Antigone, Creon faced difficulties as well. King Creon, a dictator, creates his own laws without considering the desires of the people. Creon declares Polyneices not to be buried, punishes and kills Antigone for trying to give her brother a proper burial, lets no one mourn his death (SP4). Although Creon didn’t kill himself he has to live with his knowing that he brought this tragedy on himself. Both characters were challenged together in separate ways with both unfortunate outcomes. In both stories we know that Okonkwo and Creon rule by fear and they both believe that having power is the most important thing; it isn’t (SP1). That trait of fear of weakness may as well of been both Okonkwo and Creon’s trag ic flaw which caused the two their devastating downfall. Likewise, to make decisions, they use their own reasoning rather than consulting or listening to others. This is what compels us to believe why they had their downfall in each of the stories. They are similar, Okonkwo and Creon, in the way that they both are the two tragic heroes. They both are challenged in the way that their lives have been upset by something new. Antigone’s attempt at a heroic action, burying her brother when it was against Theban law to do so. The Theban law prohibited the burial of those that were not loyal to Thebes; however Antigone did so anyways (SP1a). She created chaos for Creon when his whole family died. Creon supposes that all his decisions benefit the whole community, whereas they really on... ...sively never end up in their favor anyways. In both Antigone and Things Fall Apart, they were challenged in ways where at first they believed their verdict of the situation was appropriate and equitable they come to realization at the end that they were very incorrect in thinking so. Okonkwo finds, at the conclusion of the book that everything he ever aimed to become was essentially inevitable. Mirthfully enough, he becomes just like his father, a disgrace to the clan. Creon as well realizes his fault at the end of the book, where he has his anagnorisis. He understands that making this law, and entombing Antigone lead to the death of all his loved ones. The two together rule by fear and don’t like showing weakness. They are oblivious to the desires of those around them, and don’t take into account that the view of the people and their families may be quite different.